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The European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism, known as the Black Ribbon Day in some countries,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Black Ribbon Day: An International Day of Remembrance )〕 which is observed on 23 August, is the international remembrance day for victims of totalitarian ideologies, specifically totalitarian communist regimes, Stalinism, Nazism and fascism.〔 It was designated by the European Parliament in 2008/2009 as "a Europe-wide Day of Remembrance for the victims of all totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, to be commemorated with dignity and impartiality,"〔〔 and has been observed annually by the bodies of the European Union since 2009.〔〔 The European Parliament's 2009 resolution on European conscience and totalitarianism, co-sponsored by the European People's Party, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, The Greens–European Free Alliance, and the Union for Europe of the Nations, called for its implementation in all of Europe. The establishment of 23 August as an international remembrance day for victims of totalitarianism was also supported by the 2009 Vilnius Declaration of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly.〔 23 August was chosen to coincide with the date of the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, a non-aggression pact between the USSR and Nazi Germany which contained a protocol dividing Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into designated German and Soviet Spheres of Influence. The treaty was described by the European Parliament's president Jerzy Buzek in 2010 as "the collusion of the two worst forms of totalitarianism in the history of humanity."〔 The remembrance day originated in protests held in western cities against Soviet crimes and occupation in the 1980s, initiated by Canadian refugees from countries occupied by the Soviet Union, and that culminated in The Baltic Way, a major demonstration during the Revolutions of 1989 that contributed to the liberation of the Baltic states. The purpose of the Day of Remembrance is to preserve the memory of the victims of mass deportations and exterminations, while promoting democratic values with the aim of reinforcing peace and stability in Europe. 23 August is also officially recognised by Canada and the United States, where it is known as Black Ribbon Day. ==Historical background== Both the date of 23 August as a remembrance day and the name "Black Ribbon Day" originated in demonstrations held in western countries in the 1980s, organised mostly by refugees from countries occupied by the Soviet Union, to bring attention to Soviet war crimes and human rights violations, and to protest against the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in which Hitler gave Joseph Stalin free hands to invade several Eastern European nations - the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania - as well as subsequent deals such as the Yalta Conference in which Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Joseph Stalin in Eastern Europe, including to annex states occupied by the Soviet Union and impose a totalitarian dictatorship on them that lasted for decades. On 23 August 1986, Black Ribbon Day demonstrations were held in 21 western cities including New York City, Ottawa, London, Stockholm, Seattle, Los Angeles, Perth, Australia and Washington DC. The demonstrations were initiated by Canada’s Central and Eastern European communities.〔(2013 National Black Ribbon Day Commemoration events announced ), eesti.ca〕 In 1987, Black Ribbon Day protests spread to the Baltic countries, culminating in the Baltic Way in 1989, a historic event during the revolutions of 1989, in which two million people joined their hands to form a human chain, to protest against the continued Soviet occupation.〔〔Jānis Škapars, ''The Baltic Way to Freedom: Non-violent Struggle of the Baltic States in a Global Context'', Zelta Grauds, 2005, ISBN 9984986306〕 File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H27337, Moskau, Stalin und Ribbentrop im Kreml.jpg|Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin (pictured left) and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop in the Kremlin in August 1939, on the occasion of the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the non-aggression pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. File:Yalta summit 1945 with Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin.jpg|In the 1945 Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Joseph Stalin (pictured right) free hands in Eastern Europe, including to annex states occupied by the Soviet Union and impose a totalitarian dictatorship on them File:Victims of Soviet NKVD in Lvov ,June 1941.jpg|Victims of Soviet NKVD in Lwów after the Soviet Union had invaded eastern Poland in 1939 File:Katyn massacre 1.jpg|Mass grave of Poles massacred by the Soviet Union in the 1940 Katyn massacre 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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